CHRIS' COMMENTARY NOTES FOR REVELATION CHAPTER 6
Revelation, chapters 6-19. This is considered the “Tribulation.” It is interesting that the majority of the book revolves around the story of only 7 years of time. MacArthur says “this lengthy section details the judgments and events of the time of tribulation from its beginning with the opening of the first seal 9vv. 1, 2) through the 7 seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments to the return of Christ to destroy the ungodly (19:11-21)” (p. 2000). For more on the Tribulation see the section titled, “The Tribulation” under “Keys to Understanding Revelation 4-22” at the beginning of Revelation chapter 4.
Revelation, chapters 6-11. The scroll with the seven seals first
mentioned in Rev. 5:1 (see notes there) shape the rest of the first half of the
book of Revelation. "Out of the seventh seal came the seven trumpets. The
seven seals and the seven trumpets (a double 7), form the central framework of
the book, chapters 6 to 11" (Halley’s, p. 709). Since timelines can be
difficult to nail down in Revelation we must remember this is the start of the
7 years known as the “Tribulation.” See note “Revelation, chapters 6-19” directly below for more.
Revelation 6: Intro. This chapter begins the 7 years known as the “Tribulation” (see the section titled, “The Tribulation” under “Keys to Understanding Revelation 4-22” at the beginning of Revelation chapter 4). It consists of 6 of the 7 seals that sit on the scroll that God the Father held, and only Jesus could open in Revelation 5 (specifically see note in Rev. 5:1 titled, “A scroll written inside and on the back” and note in Rev. 5:7 titled, “Took the scroll out of the right hand of Him”, for more). Matthew Henry describes the complexities of this chapter: "The visions which John saw, the epistles to the churches, the songs of praise, in the two foregoing chapters, had some things dark and hard to be understood; and yet they were rather milk for babes than meat for strong men; but now we are to launch into the deep, and our business is not so much to fathom it as to let down our net to take a draught. We shall only hint at what seems most obvious" (http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Rev/Rev_006.cfm?a=1173001 ). Henry is saying that although the chapter prior to this had a few things that were difficult to understand, they were easy compared to what chapter 6 has. He notes it is still important to read and study the chapter but we, at most, can only scratch the surface.
Notes on Revelation 6:1-17
6:2. white horse. This is when the Anti-Christ receives power. The animal itself “represents an unparalleled time of world peace – a false peace that is to be short lived” (Source 2, p. 2000). Jesus will also ride in on a “white horse” (see note on Rev. 19:11 titled, “white horse”). The reason the Anti-Christ has a “white” horse is because he is imitating Jesus (Source 1).
He who sat on it. This is the Anti-Christ. The Anti-Christ goes on and conquers (possibly tied to Dan. 11:21, 23.) Although he agrees that Anti-Christ will be “the leading figure” during this time, MacArthur adds a caveat that the horsemen should be viewed as “forces” and not necessary “individuals” (Source 2, p. 2000).
Bow. The Anti-Christ has a “bow” which is considered a peace plan. But since there are no arrows the peace plan will fail (Source 2, p. 2000).
A crown was given to him. This means that men have given the Anti-Christ the right to rule.
Conquering and to conquer. The Anti-Christ's peace plan will look good at first but very quickly the true motives are unveiled that he is determined to conquer. This begins the 7 years known as the “Tribulation” (see the section titled, “The Tribulation” under “Keys to Understanding Revelation 4-22” at the beginning of Revelation chapter 4).
Revelation 6:4-8. Halley’s says that if the first seal referred to the Anti-Christ (see notes on Rev. 6:2 titled, “He who sat on it” for why I believe it does) then the other horsemen “must refer to [the Anti-Christ’s] terrifying wars” (Source 3, p. 712).
6:4. a fiery red horse. The color representation and exact methods employed by this horses rider seem to be avoided by most commentators. A.R. Fausset calls this “the red horse of bloodshed” (Source 4).
Granted. In my OPINION this is unlike the first seal when men gave the “right” for the Anti-Christ’s power. Here it is Jesus who allows these things to happen. Guzik isn’t sure whether it is from God but he says it is “directly or indirectly, the judgment of God” (Source 1).
Take peace. Guzik makes a great point that the horseman doesn’t have to bring war, he just has to take peace. Does this seem like a trivial difference? The point is that men are sinful not good so when God’s gift of peace is taken (see note directly below titled, “People should kill one another”) people immediately rush headlong into war (Source 1).
People should kill one another. There will be an increase in murder unlike the world has seen, not just because of the first seal's peace plan but because the Holy Spirit has been removed (2 Thess. 2:6-12) and because a "great sword" is unleashed.
A great sword. This is the “sword” of war. The Anti-Christ uproots 3 kingdoms.
6:5. Black horse. A.R. Fausset says “black” implies “sadness and want” (Source 4). J. Vernon McGee agrees and gives Scriptures to back it up: Jer. 4:28, Mal. 3:14 and Lam. 4:8-9 (Source 5, p. 43).
Scales in his hand. Guzik states, “The scales symbolize the need to carefully measure and ration food. This speaks of a time of scarcity” (Source 1). Fausset agrees, saying this is “the symbol of scarcity of provisions, the bread being doled out by weight” (Source 4).
Revelation 6:6. The aftermath of war is famine.
6:6. Quart of wheat for a denarius…quarts of barely for a denarius. This is severe famine. The “…prices are about twelve times higher than normal. It means that it would cost a day's wage to buy the ingredients for a loaf of bread. This describes ‘a time of famine when life will be reduced to the barest necessities’" (Walvoord via Guzik, Source 1).
Do not harm the oil and wine. Guzik says that contrasted with the time of bare necessity and famine for the majority of people the finer things (oil and wine were and are highly prized) will be available to the rich (Source 1). MacArthur says it’s possible that these two foods wont be affected by the famine, but a “more straightforward meaning” is that since “oil was used in the preparation of bread” and wine was used to purify water and cook with, so these will be closely guarded (p. 2000). McGee says the “oil” would equivocate to our modern day “toiletries, the beauty aids and the body conditioners” (Source 5). For “wine” McGee makes the point that there isn’t enough grain to make bread but there’s enough grain to make alcohol. “And the rich are the ones who will get it” (Source 5). I don’t fully agree with McGee on the “wine” because it is made from grapes and there seems to be a clear distinction made here. Note “wine and oil” in Proverbs 21:17.
6:8. Pale horse. “Pale” here is chloros (G#5515) in the Greek meaning “green” or “yellow-ish pale” (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5515&t=KJV). It’s actually used in Rev. 8:7 and Rev. 9:4 in both cases as “green” like for living foliage.
Name of him who sat on it was Death. McGee says that “Death” actually has “an all-inclusive, three-fold meaning that we do not ordinarily attach to it. We think of death as referring only to the body. (1) This is the physical death, and it refers only to the body. It comes to a man because of Adam’s sin. (2) Then there is what is known and spiritual death, which is separation from, and rebellion against, God. We inherit a dead nature from Adam; that is we have no capacity for God and no desire for Him at all. (3) Finally, there is eternal death which is separation from God. Unless a man is redeemed, this inevitably follows. This is the second death that we will find later on in chapter 20, verse 14” (McGee, p. 46). For more on the “second death” see note on under “Keys to Understanding Revelation 4-22”, titled, “The ‘First Resurrection’ and the ‘Second Death.’” Both McGee (Source 5, p. 48) and Henry (Source 6, NT, p. 774) call this “pestilence.”
Hades followed with him. Although sometimes translated as hell the word here is “hades.” McGee is very specific that “hades” here isn’t hell: “hades is the place where the spirit of a lost man goes” (Source 5, p. 46). But he doesn’t explain it well. But Jesus does in Luke 16:19-31 when He talks about Abraham’s bosom and talks about Hades being on one side of the great gulf fixed. Basically when a Christian dies, their physical body goes into the grave but their spirit immediately is in heaven (2 Corinthians 5:8). When the unbeliever dies their physical body goes into the grave but their spirit goes to Hades, which is like jail. Jay Strack says hades is like “the local city jail” kind of like a holding area while a spirit waits for judgment. From Luke 16 we know that in Hades man is conscious, has memory and can’t escape. Then at the Great Judgment (Rev. 20:13) an unbeliever will be found guilty and thrown into what in Greek is called Gehenna (we call it hell). Gehenna is: “A lake of fire and brimstone (Rev. 20:10, 14, 15); Fire that shall never be quenched (Mark 9:43); Everlasting fire (Matt. 18:8, 9; 25:41; Outer darkness (Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30); Everlasting punishment (Matt. 25:46); weeping and gnashing of teeth (Matt. 25:30)” (The Transformer: The Bible for Young Adults, p. 25-26).
More Information: Hades (G#86) “in Biblical Greek it is associated with Orcus, the infernal regions, a dark and dismal place in the very depths of the earth, the common receptacle of disembodied spirits. Usually Hades is just the abode of the wicked, Luk 16:23, Rev 20:13, 14; a very uncomfortable place. (TDNT)” (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G86&t=KJV).
Power was given to them. I believe this “power” is given by God. Guzik takes the position that this power is given by God: “Though all hell is breaking loose on the earth, God is very much in control. He still holds the scroll and opens the seals” (Source 1).
Over a fourth of the earth. McGee says, “the sword, famine, pestilence, and wild beasts will decimate this earth’s population by one-fourth” (p. 47).
To kill with sword, with hunger, with death, and by the beasts of the earth. This seems to be a summarization of the what the four horsemen bring with the addition of “beasts.” Henry gives two possible understandings for “beasts”: 1. It is true that when a land has been ravaged then “the small remnant that continue become easy prey” for animals, or 2. It could mean “brutish, cruel, savage men” (Source 6, NT, p. 774). It seems to make more sense that the first theory is correct, these are wild beasts who attack humans.
Revelation 6:9-11. The fifth seal is a departure from the first four. This isn’t a loosing of the Anti-Christ or plagues or death but giving voice to cries of Christians. It is, however, horrific in the sense that Christians would have to die for their faith. Halley’s calls it “Persecution for the Church” and notes that it was prophetic for the early Church to realize that persecution would continue beyond Nero and Domitian (Source 3, p. 712).
6:9. Under the alter. I think this altar (which isn’t random but note is referred to as “the” altar) is the same one mentioned in Rev. 8:3 (see note titled, “Stood at the altar.”) and Rev. 8:5. If this is the case it is where the incense-like prayers of believers (see notes on Rev. 5:8 titled, “Golden bowls of incense” and Rev. 8:3 titled, “Prayers of all the saints”) are given. AN ALTAR IS ALSO MENTIONED IN: Rev. 9:13; 11:1; 14:18; 16:7 BUT I NEED TO LOOK AT THE EXACT CONTEXT AND SEE IF ITS APPLICABLE HERE. McGee believes this to be the alter where Jesus sacrificed His blood for mankind (p. 49). I suppose it could be both Jesus’ and used to sacrifice prayers to the Lord.
Why are the martyr’s souls underneath the alter? One theory is that only Christ can be on top of the alter so since they have shared with Him a similar fate they are under the alter. Guzik says, “That these souls are under the altar emphasizes that their life blood was poured out as an offering to God. The idea is drawn from Leviticus 4:7: And he shall pour the remaining blood at the base of the altar of the burnt offering” (Source 1).
The souls of those. Martyrs throughout history, see note on Rev. 6:11 titled, “Servants and their brethren” for more. McGee specifies that these are Old Testaments believers who have been martyred for the Lord, quotes Luke 11:50-51, then says they will be joined with the believers who are killed during the Great Tribulation (Source 5, p. 49). I agree with McGee except that it seems that the believers who have died in-between when Jesus rose from the dead and the Rapture would also be included with these “souls” under the alter.
6:10. Until You judge and avenge our blood. Most commentators say it’s a little weird to hear Christians demand vengeance of God but Guzik makes a great point: “When God's people are persecuted, He will set it right. It isn't wrong for God's people to ask Him to do what He promised to do” (Source 1).
6:11. White robe. See Rev. 4:4 note titled, “Clothed in white robes.” Remember the “white garments” that are promised by Jesus to “overcomers” in Revelation 3:5 (See note there titled, “Clothed in white garments”)?
Servants and their brethren. These are obviously martyrs who have been killed in the past, waiting for other martyrs to be killed in the future. See Rev. 7:14.
6:12. A great earthquake. Although similar to what is mentioned in Rev. 16:18, the context shows it isn’t the same event. Here it is “a” great earthquake and in 16:18 it is the greatest earthquake ever (See note there titled, “had not occurred since men were on the earth”). It will still be a very horrific earthquake but not the worst.
Sun became black as sackcloth of hair. MacArthur explains this as volcanic eruptions that release ash to make the sun look black and the moon red (Source 2, p. 2001). I think that is to “natural” of a view. Another issue is that a volcano is no where mentioned here. I will acquiesce that God can use whatever He wants to bring judgment (like a flood or fire and brimstone on Sodom and Gomorra), but He rarely does something we can easily imagine. God is unleashing His judgment and it will not be simply explained away with science, men definitely know that it is God (see Rev. 6:16 notes titled, “Him who sits on the throne” and “wrath of the Lamb”).
Regarding “black as sackcloth of hair”, "Black" is melas (G#3189) meaning "black" or "black ink" (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3189&t=KJV). "Sackcloth" is sakkos (G#4526) and means "a sack" and specifically applicable here "a course cloth, a dark course stuff made especially from the hair of animals" (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G4526&t=KJV). "Hair" is trichinos (G#5155) meaning "made of hair" (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5155&t=KJV). I think the definition of “sackcloth” gives us the best understanding. John was trying describe the blackest of black and this sackcloth made from dark black animal hair would convey that to his readers.
Moon became like blood. Recently there has been much talk (at least in Christian circles) about the blood moons that have been happening. Regardless of how God is using those now, this verse doesn’t apply to our current time since this happens after the Anti-Christ unleashes the Tribulation. See note directly above (“Sun became black as sackcloth of hair”) for MacArthur’s theory and why I don’t think it’s valid.
6:13. And the stars of heaven fell to earth. Although I have always been taught this was Satan cast out of heaven once and for all, now I don’t believe that is correct. It is true that “stars” can refer to angels (or another “celestial body”) but it doesn’t fit the context here. I can’t find a commentator that thinks the earthquake, the sun and the moon are metaphors so why would the stars be? It is most likely “massive asteroid or meteor shower” (MacArthur, p. 2001). Although in the notes in Rev. 6:12 (“Sun became black as sackcloth of hair”) I disagree with MacArthur’s naturalistic theory, he is general enough here that I agree. I certainly can’t imagine what else will do it, so then I suppose God will do something that will really blow our minds! It should be mentioned that the word translated “star” is aster (G#792) in Greek simply meaning “a star” (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G792&t=KJV) and is used in Rev. 9 to mean a demon (see note on Rev. 9:1 titled, “A star fallen from heaven to the earth. To him was given” for more.
6:14. Sky receded as a scroll when it is rolled up. Again, MacArthur explains this naturally saying “the earth’s atmosphere will be somehow dramatically affected and the sky as we know it disappears” (Source 2, p. 2001). Again, although in the notes in Rev. 6:12 (“Sun became black as sackcloth of hair”) I disagree with MacArthur’s naturalistic theory, he is general enough here that I agree. I am not sure if the atmosphere is so damaged that it is sucked into space, looking like a scroll disappearing. Again, I’m sure God will completely surprise us!
Every mountain and island was moved out of its place. I believe this to be real, not a metaphor. Mountains and islands will literally be moved from their foundations. Although something similar to this is mentioned in Rev. 16:20, the context doesn’t look like it’s the same event. MacArthur thinks this is do to all the seismic activity from the earthquake (see note on Rev. 6:12 titled, “Sun became black as sackcloth of hair”, for MacArthur’s theory and why I don’t think it’s valid.
6:15. Kings of the earth…every free man. Every single person regardless of position is petrified of the wrath of God.
Hid themselves. There is no hiding from the Lord, but they attempt it.
6:16. Fall on us and hide us from the face of. The people beg to be killed. Guzik says they’re not only hiding from “the terror of the judgments, but from the face of Him who sits on the throne. ‘What sinners dread most is not death, but the revealed presence of God.’ (Swete)” (Guzik, Source 1).
Him who sits on the throne. This is God the Father (see Rev. 5:1 note titled, “Him who sat on the throne”). So the people left on earth recognize that the Sixth Seal is coming from the LORD. It is unmistakably “spiritually-natural” (which is why I don’t think the signs like the sun blackening, the moon during red, the earthquake, etc. can just be explained naturally).
wrath of the Lamb. This is Jesus Christ (see note on Rev. 5:6 titled, “Stood a Lamb as though it had been slain”). Also see note directly above for how people will recognize this is coming from God (and therefore we shouldn’t explain away the signs “naturally”). Guzik quotes Torrance who says more aptly: “‘It is the wrath of love, the wrath of sacrificial love which, having done the absolute utmost for us and our salvation, tells us as nothing else could the certainty with which evil awaits its doom at the hand of God’” (Source 1).
6:17. The great day of His wrath has come. This is the second half of the tribulation, i.e. the 3.5 years of “The Great Tribulation” (see note titled “The Tribulation” under “Keys to Understanding Revelation 4-22” at the beginning of Revelation chapter 4 for more).
Revelation Chapter 6 Conclusion. The story doesn’t end with 6:17 although it may seem like it if you dive right into Revelation chapter 7 but it’s actually parenthetical (see note titled “Revelation 7” for more). Then chapter 8 continues this story with the Seventh Seal.
References:
Source 1: Guzik, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_6.cfm?a=1173001
Source 2: John MacArthur, MacArthur Study Bible.
Source 3: Halley's Bible Handbook.
Source 4: Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/jfb/Rev/Rev_006.cfm?a=1173001
Source 5: J. Vernon McGee, Revelation: Chapter 6-13, p. 43-48.
Source 6: Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Bible, NT, p. 774.
6:2. white horse. This is when the Anti-Christ receives power. The animal itself “represents an unparalleled time of world peace – a false peace that is to be short lived” (Source 2, p. 2000). Jesus will also ride in on a “white horse” (see note on Rev. 19:11 titled, “white horse”). The reason the Anti-Christ has a “white” horse is because he is imitating Jesus (Source 1).
He who sat on it. This is the Anti-Christ. The Anti-Christ goes on and conquers (possibly tied to Dan. 11:21, 23.) Although he agrees that Anti-Christ will be “the leading figure” during this time, MacArthur adds a caveat that the horsemen should be viewed as “forces” and not necessary “individuals” (Source 2, p. 2000).
Bow. The Anti-Christ has a “bow” which is considered a peace plan. But since there are no arrows the peace plan will fail (Source 2, p. 2000).
A crown was given to him. This means that men have given the Anti-Christ the right to rule.
Conquering and to conquer. The Anti-Christ's peace plan will look good at first but very quickly the true motives are unveiled that he is determined to conquer. This begins the 7 years known as the “Tribulation” (see the section titled, “The Tribulation” under “Keys to Understanding Revelation 4-22” at the beginning of Revelation chapter 4).
Revelation 6:4-8. Halley’s says that if the first seal referred to the Anti-Christ (see notes on Rev. 6:2 titled, “He who sat on it” for why I believe it does) then the other horsemen “must refer to [the Anti-Christ’s] terrifying wars” (Source 3, p. 712).
6:4. a fiery red horse. The color representation and exact methods employed by this horses rider seem to be avoided by most commentators. A.R. Fausset calls this “the red horse of bloodshed” (Source 4).
Granted. In my OPINION this is unlike the first seal when men gave the “right” for the Anti-Christ’s power. Here it is Jesus who allows these things to happen. Guzik isn’t sure whether it is from God but he says it is “directly or indirectly, the judgment of God” (Source 1).
Take peace. Guzik makes a great point that the horseman doesn’t have to bring war, he just has to take peace. Does this seem like a trivial difference? The point is that men are sinful not good so when God’s gift of peace is taken (see note directly below titled, “People should kill one another”) people immediately rush headlong into war (Source 1).
People should kill one another. There will be an increase in murder unlike the world has seen, not just because of the first seal's peace plan but because the Holy Spirit has been removed (2 Thess. 2:6-12) and because a "great sword" is unleashed.
A great sword. This is the “sword” of war. The Anti-Christ uproots 3 kingdoms.
6:5. Black horse. A.R. Fausset says “black” implies “sadness and want” (Source 4). J. Vernon McGee agrees and gives Scriptures to back it up: Jer. 4:28, Mal. 3:14 and Lam. 4:8-9 (Source 5, p. 43).
Scales in his hand. Guzik states, “The scales symbolize the need to carefully measure and ration food. This speaks of a time of scarcity” (Source 1). Fausset agrees, saying this is “the symbol of scarcity of provisions, the bread being doled out by weight” (Source 4).
Revelation 6:6. The aftermath of war is famine.
6:6. Quart of wheat for a denarius…quarts of barely for a denarius. This is severe famine. The “…prices are about twelve times higher than normal. It means that it would cost a day's wage to buy the ingredients for a loaf of bread. This describes ‘a time of famine when life will be reduced to the barest necessities’" (Walvoord via Guzik, Source 1).
Do not harm the oil and wine. Guzik says that contrasted with the time of bare necessity and famine for the majority of people the finer things (oil and wine were and are highly prized) will be available to the rich (Source 1). MacArthur says it’s possible that these two foods wont be affected by the famine, but a “more straightforward meaning” is that since “oil was used in the preparation of bread” and wine was used to purify water and cook with, so these will be closely guarded (p. 2000). McGee says the “oil” would equivocate to our modern day “toiletries, the beauty aids and the body conditioners” (Source 5). For “wine” McGee makes the point that there isn’t enough grain to make bread but there’s enough grain to make alcohol. “And the rich are the ones who will get it” (Source 5). I don’t fully agree with McGee on the “wine” because it is made from grapes and there seems to be a clear distinction made here. Note “wine and oil” in Proverbs 21:17.
6:8. Pale horse. “Pale” here is chloros (G#5515) in the Greek meaning “green” or “yellow-ish pale” (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5515&t=KJV). It’s actually used in Rev. 8:7 and Rev. 9:4 in both cases as “green” like for living foliage.
Name of him who sat on it was Death. McGee says that “Death” actually has “an all-inclusive, three-fold meaning that we do not ordinarily attach to it. We think of death as referring only to the body. (1) This is the physical death, and it refers only to the body. It comes to a man because of Adam’s sin. (2) Then there is what is known and spiritual death, which is separation from, and rebellion against, God. We inherit a dead nature from Adam; that is we have no capacity for God and no desire for Him at all. (3) Finally, there is eternal death which is separation from God. Unless a man is redeemed, this inevitably follows. This is the second death that we will find later on in chapter 20, verse 14” (McGee, p. 46). For more on the “second death” see note on under “Keys to Understanding Revelation 4-22”, titled, “The ‘First Resurrection’ and the ‘Second Death.’” Both McGee (Source 5, p. 48) and Henry (Source 6, NT, p. 774) call this “pestilence.”
Hades followed with him. Although sometimes translated as hell the word here is “hades.” McGee is very specific that “hades” here isn’t hell: “hades is the place where the spirit of a lost man goes” (Source 5, p. 46). But he doesn’t explain it well. But Jesus does in Luke 16:19-31 when He talks about Abraham’s bosom and talks about Hades being on one side of the great gulf fixed. Basically when a Christian dies, their physical body goes into the grave but their spirit immediately is in heaven (2 Corinthians 5:8). When the unbeliever dies their physical body goes into the grave but their spirit goes to Hades, which is like jail. Jay Strack says hades is like “the local city jail” kind of like a holding area while a spirit waits for judgment. From Luke 16 we know that in Hades man is conscious, has memory and can’t escape. Then at the Great Judgment (Rev. 20:13) an unbeliever will be found guilty and thrown into what in Greek is called Gehenna (we call it hell). Gehenna is: “A lake of fire and brimstone (Rev. 20:10, 14, 15); Fire that shall never be quenched (Mark 9:43); Everlasting fire (Matt. 18:8, 9; 25:41; Outer darkness (Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30); Everlasting punishment (Matt. 25:46); weeping and gnashing of teeth (Matt. 25:30)” (The Transformer: The Bible for Young Adults, p. 25-26).
More Information: Hades (G#86) “in Biblical Greek it is associated with Orcus, the infernal regions, a dark and dismal place in the very depths of the earth, the common receptacle of disembodied spirits. Usually Hades is just the abode of the wicked, Luk 16:23, Rev 20:13, 14; a very uncomfortable place. (TDNT)” (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G86&t=KJV).
Power was given to them. I believe this “power” is given by God. Guzik takes the position that this power is given by God: “Though all hell is breaking loose on the earth, God is very much in control. He still holds the scroll and opens the seals” (Source 1).
Over a fourth of the earth. McGee says, “the sword, famine, pestilence, and wild beasts will decimate this earth’s population by one-fourth” (p. 47).
To kill with sword, with hunger, with death, and by the beasts of the earth. This seems to be a summarization of the what the four horsemen bring with the addition of “beasts.” Henry gives two possible understandings for “beasts”: 1. It is true that when a land has been ravaged then “the small remnant that continue become easy prey” for animals, or 2. It could mean “brutish, cruel, savage men” (Source 6, NT, p. 774). It seems to make more sense that the first theory is correct, these are wild beasts who attack humans.
Revelation 6:9-11. The fifth seal is a departure from the first four. This isn’t a loosing of the Anti-Christ or plagues or death but giving voice to cries of Christians. It is, however, horrific in the sense that Christians would have to die for their faith. Halley’s calls it “Persecution for the Church” and notes that it was prophetic for the early Church to realize that persecution would continue beyond Nero and Domitian (Source 3, p. 712).
6:9. Under the alter. I think this altar (which isn’t random but note is referred to as “the” altar) is the same one mentioned in Rev. 8:3 (see note titled, “Stood at the altar.”) and Rev. 8:5. If this is the case it is where the incense-like prayers of believers (see notes on Rev. 5:8 titled, “Golden bowls of incense” and Rev. 8:3 titled, “Prayers of all the saints”) are given. AN ALTAR IS ALSO MENTIONED IN: Rev. 9:13; 11:1; 14:18; 16:7 BUT I NEED TO LOOK AT THE EXACT CONTEXT AND SEE IF ITS APPLICABLE HERE. McGee believes this to be the alter where Jesus sacrificed His blood for mankind (p. 49). I suppose it could be both Jesus’ and used to sacrifice prayers to the Lord.
Why are the martyr’s souls underneath the alter? One theory is that only Christ can be on top of the alter so since they have shared with Him a similar fate they are under the alter. Guzik says, “That these souls are under the altar emphasizes that their life blood was poured out as an offering to God. The idea is drawn from Leviticus 4:7: And he shall pour the remaining blood at the base of the altar of the burnt offering” (Source 1).
The souls of those. Martyrs throughout history, see note on Rev. 6:11 titled, “Servants and their brethren” for more. McGee specifies that these are Old Testaments believers who have been martyred for the Lord, quotes Luke 11:50-51, then says they will be joined with the believers who are killed during the Great Tribulation (Source 5, p. 49). I agree with McGee except that it seems that the believers who have died in-between when Jesus rose from the dead and the Rapture would also be included with these “souls” under the alter.
6:10. Until You judge and avenge our blood. Most commentators say it’s a little weird to hear Christians demand vengeance of God but Guzik makes a great point: “When God's people are persecuted, He will set it right. It isn't wrong for God's people to ask Him to do what He promised to do” (Source 1).
6:11. White robe. See Rev. 4:4 note titled, “Clothed in white robes.” Remember the “white garments” that are promised by Jesus to “overcomers” in Revelation 3:5 (See note there titled, “Clothed in white garments”)?
Servants and their brethren. These are obviously martyrs who have been killed in the past, waiting for other martyrs to be killed in the future. See Rev. 7:14.
6:12. A great earthquake. Although similar to what is mentioned in Rev. 16:18, the context shows it isn’t the same event. Here it is “a” great earthquake and in 16:18 it is the greatest earthquake ever (See note there titled, “had not occurred since men were on the earth”). It will still be a very horrific earthquake but not the worst.
Sun became black as sackcloth of hair. MacArthur explains this as volcanic eruptions that release ash to make the sun look black and the moon red (Source 2, p. 2001). I think that is to “natural” of a view. Another issue is that a volcano is no where mentioned here. I will acquiesce that God can use whatever He wants to bring judgment (like a flood or fire and brimstone on Sodom and Gomorra), but He rarely does something we can easily imagine. God is unleashing His judgment and it will not be simply explained away with science, men definitely know that it is God (see Rev. 6:16 notes titled, “Him who sits on the throne” and “wrath of the Lamb”).
Regarding “black as sackcloth of hair”, "Black" is melas (G#3189) meaning "black" or "black ink" (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3189&t=KJV). "Sackcloth" is sakkos (G#4526) and means "a sack" and specifically applicable here "a course cloth, a dark course stuff made especially from the hair of animals" (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G4526&t=KJV). "Hair" is trichinos (G#5155) meaning "made of hair" (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5155&t=KJV). I think the definition of “sackcloth” gives us the best understanding. John was trying describe the blackest of black and this sackcloth made from dark black animal hair would convey that to his readers.
Moon became like blood. Recently there has been much talk (at least in Christian circles) about the blood moons that have been happening. Regardless of how God is using those now, this verse doesn’t apply to our current time since this happens after the Anti-Christ unleashes the Tribulation. See note directly above (“Sun became black as sackcloth of hair”) for MacArthur’s theory and why I don’t think it’s valid.
6:13. And the stars of heaven fell to earth. Although I have always been taught this was Satan cast out of heaven once and for all, now I don’t believe that is correct. It is true that “stars” can refer to angels (or another “celestial body”) but it doesn’t fit the context here. I can’t find a commentator that thinks the earthquake, the sun and the moon are metaphors so why would the stars be? It is most likely “massive asteroid or meteor shower” (MacArthur, p. 2001). Although in the notes in Rev. 6:12 (“Sun became black as sackcloth of hair”) I disagree with MacArthur’s naturalistic theory, he is general enough here that I agree. I certainly can’t imagine what else will do it, so then I suppose God will do something that will really blow our minds! It should be mentioned that the word translated “star” is aster (G#792) in Greek simply meaning “a star” (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G792&t=KJV) and is used in Rev. 9 to mean a demon (see note on Rev. 9:1 titled, “A star fallen from heaven to the earth. To him was given” for more.
6:14. Sky receded as a scroll when it is rolled up. Again, MacArthur explains this naturally saying “the earth’s atmosphere will be somehow dramatically affected and the sky as we know it disappears” (Source 2, p. 2001). Again, although in the notes in Rev. 6:12 (“Sun became black as sackcloth of hair”) I disagree with MacArthur’s naturalistic theory, he is general enough here that I agree. I am not sure if the atmosphere is so damaged that it is sucked into space, looking like a scroll disappearing. Again, I’m sure God will completely surprise us!
Every mountain and island was moved out of its place. I believe this to be real, not a metaphor. Mountains and islands will literally be moved from their foundations. Although something similar to this is mentioned in Rev. 16:20, the context doesn’t look like it’s the same event. MacArthur thinks this is do to all the seismic activity from the earthquake (see note on Rev. 6:12 titled, “Sun became black as sackcloth of hair”, for MacArthur’s theory and why I don’t think it’s valid.
6:15. Kings of the earth…every free man. Every single person regardless of position is petrified of the wrath of God.
Hid themselves. There is no hiding from the Lord, but they attempt it.
6:16. Fall on us and hide us from the face of. The people beg to be killed. Guzik says they’re not only hiding from “the terror of the judgments, but from the face of Him who sits on the throne. ‘What sinners dread most is not death, but the revealed presence of God.’ (Swete)” (Guzik, Source 1).
Him who sits on the throne. This is God the Father (see Rev. 5:1 note titled, “Him who sat on the throne”). So the people left on earth recognize that the Sixth Seal is coming from the LORD. It is unmistakably “spiritually-natural” (which is why I don’t think the signs like the sun blackening, the moon during red, the earthquake, etc. can just be explained naturally).
wrath of the Lamb. This is Jesus Christ (see note on Rev. 5:6 titled, “Stood a Lamb as though it had been slain”). Also see note directly above for how people will recognize this is coming from God (and therefore we shouldn’t explain away the signs “naturally”). Guzik quotes Torrance who says more aptly: “‘It is the wrath of love, the wrath of sacrificial love which, having done the absolute utmost for us and our salvation, tells us as nothing else could the certainty with which evil awaits its doom at the hand of God’” (Source 1).
6:17. The great day of His wrath has come. This is the second half of the tribulation, i.e. the 3.5 years of “The Great Tribulation” (see note titled “The Tribulation” under “Keys to Understanding Revelation 4-22” at the beginning of Revelation chapter 4 for more).
Revelation Chapter 6 Conclusion. The story doesn’t end with 6:17 although it may seem like it if you dive right into Revelation chapter 7 but it’s actually parenthetical (see note titled “Revelation 7” for more). Then chapter 8 continues this story with the Seventh Seal.
References:
Source 1: Guzik, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_6.cfm?a=1173001
Source 2: John MacArthur, MacArthur Study Bible.
Source 3: Halley's Bible Handbook.
Source 4: Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/jfb/Rev/Rev_006.cfm?a=1173001
Source 5: J. Vernon McGee, Revelation: Chapter 6-13, p. 43-48.
Source 6: Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Bible, NT, p. 774.