CHRIS' COMMENTARY NOTES FOR REVELATION CHAPTER 2
Revelation 2-3. The Churches Intro.
Literal: See the beginning of each church section for specifics on the actual churches Jesus was talking to. For example for Ephesus go to “Revelation 2:1-7. Ephesus.”, for Smyrna look at “Revelation 2:8-11. Smyrna”, etc.
Prophetic: ‘It is the opinion of very learned writers upon this book, that our Lord, by these seven churches, signifies all the churches of Christ to the end of the world; and by what he saith to them, designs to show what shall be the state of churches in all ages, and what their duty is.’ (Poole)” (Source 1). John MacArthur also states this view (Source 2). Although these chapters are definitely to the literal churches of John’s time, it also is prophetic of future church ages. Ephesus (Rev. 2:1-7) represents the epoch from Pentecost (33 AD) – 100 AD. Smyrna (Rev. 2:8-11) represents the Martyrs, Nero and the Romans of the early Church time. This would be from around 100-313 AD. Pergamos (Rev. 2:12-17) represents “Bad Companions, i.e. the “World Church.” This would be around 313-590 AD when “the union of church and state makes the organized church rich. It [began] adopting the worlds standards and [became] polluted with pagans” who realized it was politically expedient to be part of the church (Source 3). Thyatira (Rev. 2:18-29) stands for the Middle Ages and the “Pagan Church”. This would be from around 590 – 800 AD. Sardis (Rev. 3:1-6) represents the “Lifeless Church”, the Holy Roman Empire. This would be around 800-1517 AD. Philadelphia (Rev. 3:7-13) is the “Missionary Church”. This would be from around 1517 AD until present. Laodicea (Rev. 3:14-22) stands for the “Worldly Church” that backs the Anti-Christ. Obviously this is the final church age, which will take place after the Second Coming of Christ.
Why Seven?: Jesus chose seven churches, as a picture of completeness, so every individual church would know His message and when put together would be complete. The unity of the church, throughout time is paramount. The thought is that each of these seven churches received a copy of Revelation, they read it, applied it, and passed it on. Since the churches also represent seven historical periods of time, it fits perfectly into the timeline that Jesus knows about human history in the future. Beyond that, "These...seven...must have been main centers in their respective districts, key cities in John's pastoral care of the region" (Source 4, p. 688).
Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church: In reading through the Seven Churches I noticed that at the beginning of each Jesus gives a specific description of who He is and then near the end He shows the fulfillment of how His description will affect that Church.
A. Ephesus: Jesus describes Himself as holding “the seven stars” and walking “in the midst of the seven [churches]” (Rev. 2:1); the fulfillment is that He will give fruit from the “tree of life” in “the midst of the Paradise of God” (Rev. 3:7). Only Jesus, who has a balanced knowledge (midst, or middle view) of the Churches, can bestow eternal life in the balance and perfection of Heaven!
B. Smyrna: Jesus describes Himself as “who was dead and came to life” (Rev. 2:8); the fulfillment is “I will give you the crown of life” (Rev. 2:10). Only Jesus who has overcome death can give the crown of life!
C. Pergamos: Jesus describes Himself as having the “sharp two-edged sword” (Rev. 2:12); the fulfillment is almost verbatim, Christ will “fight against them with the sword of My mouth (Rev. 2:16). Only Jesus has the authority to destroy a person who tries to battle against His perfect Word!
D. Thyatira: Jesus describes Himself as having “eyes like a flame of fire” (Rev. 2:18); the fulfillment is that He “searches the minds and hearts” (Rev. 2: 23). Only Jesus, with fiery “eyes”, can see into a man’s soul, to his inner-most thoughts!
E. Sardis: Jesus describes Himself as having “the seven Spirits of God and the seven stars”(Rev. 3:1); the fulfillment is that He “will confess His name before My Father” (Rev. 3:5). The “seven Spirits” is the Holy Spirit so Jesus links the Holy Spirit and the Father in perfect “tri-unity”, and He alone can bestow that perfect (no sin) communion on the believer!
F. Philadelphia: Jesus describes Himself as “the key of David” (Rev. 3:7); the fulfillment is that He will usher in “The New Jerusalem” (Rev. 3:12). Only Jesus, who is the Davidic-Messiah can bring in the capital city of heaven!
G. Laodicea: Jesus describes Himself as “the Faithful and True Witness” (Rev. 3:14); the fulfillment is that He has overcome so we should “overcome” (Rev. 3:21). Only Jesus can rightfully be both our Defense Attorney and “Witness” in the court of God!
Character of the Churches: "Two were very good: Smyrna and Philadelphia. Two were very bad: Sardis and Laodicea. Three were part good, and part bad: Ephesus, Pergamum, Thyatira. The two good churches, Smyrna and Philadelphia, were composed of the humbler classes of people, and were facing persecution. The two bad churches, Sardis and Laodicea, seem to have included the ruling classes, nominally Christian, but pagan in life. Ephesus was orthodox in teaching, but losing their first love. Pergamum was heretic, but faithful to the Name of Christ. Thyatira was heretic, tolerating Jezebel, but growing in zeal" (Source 4, p. 694).
Interestingly, “Smyrna and Philadelphia, the two cities with good churches, are still flourishing cities. Sardis and Laodicea, the two cities with bad churches, are now deserted and uninhabited sites” (Source 4, p. 708).
Angels: "The word "Angel," literally, means "Messenger." As used in the Bible, it applies, mostly, to Supernatural Personalities of the unseen world, employed as messengers in the service of God or Satan.” The "Angels" of the Churches... are thought, by some, to have been messengers sent by the churches to visit John in Patmos; or, the pastors of the Churches; or, the Guardian Angels of the Churches; or, Heavenly Representatives of the Churches" (Source 4, p. 693).
The Order of the List: Why is Ephesus first? See Rev. 1:11 (notes titled, “The Church Pattern” for more).
References:
Source 1: David Guzik,
http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_1.cfm?a=1168001
Source 2: John MacArthur, John MacArthur Study Bible, p. 1993.
Source 3: Renald E. Showers, “Two Millennia of Church History”, p. 9, 2008.
Source 4: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Literal: See the beginning of each church section for specifics on the actual churches Jesus was talking to. For example for Ephesus go to “Revelation 2:1-7. Ephesus.”, for Smyrna look at “Revelation 2:8-11. Smyrna”, etc.
Prophetic: ‘It is the opinion of very learned writers upon this book, that our Lord, by these seven churches, signifies all the churches of Christ to the end of the world; and by what he saith to them, designs to show what shall be the state of churches in all ages, and what their duty is.’ (Poole)” (Source 1). John MacArthur also states this view (Source 2). Although these chapters are definitely to the literal churches of John’s time, it also is prophetic of future church ages. Ephesus (Rev. 2:1-7) represents the epoch from Pentecost (33 AD) – 100 AD. Smyrna (Rev. 2:8-11) represents the Martyrs, Nero and the Romans of the early Church time. This would be from around 100-313 AD. Pergamos (Rev. 2:12-17) represents “Bad Companions, i.e. the “World Church.” This would be around 313-590 AD when “the union of church and state makes the organized church rich. It [began] adopting the worlds standards and [became] polluted with pagans” who realized it was politically expedient to be part of the church (Source 3). Thyatira (Rev. 2:18-29) stands for the Middle Ages and the “Pagan Church”. This would be from around 590 – 800 AD. Sardis (Rev. 3:1-6) represents the “Lifeless Church”, the Holy Roman Empire. This would be around 800-1517 AD. Philadelphia (Rev. 3:7-13) is the “Missionary Church”. This would be from around 1517 AD until present. Laodicea (Rev. 3:14-22) stands for the “Worldly Church” that backs the Anti-Christ. Obviously this is the final church age, which will take place after the Second Coming of Christ.
Why Seven?: Jesus chose seven churches, as a picture of completeness, so every individual church would know His message and when put together would be complete. The unity of the church, throughout time is paramount. The thought is that each of these seven churches received a copy of Revelation, they read it, applied it, and passed it on. Since the churches also represent seven historical periods of time, it fits perfectly into the timeline that Jesus knows about human history in the future. Beyond that, "These...seven...must have been main centers in their respective districts, key cities in John's pastoral care of the region" (Source 4, p. 688).
Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church: In reading through the Seven Churches I noticed that at the beginning of each Jesus gives a specific description of who He is and then near the end He shows the fulfillment of how His description will affect that Church.
A. Ephesus: Jesus describes Himself as holding “the seven stars” and walking “in the midst of the seven [churches]” (Rev. 2:1); the fulfillment is that He will give fruit from the “tree of life” in “the midst of the Paradise of God” (Rev. 3:7). Only Jesus, who has a balanced knowledge (midst, or middle view) of the Churches, can bestow eternal life in the balance and perfection of Heaven!
B. Smyrna: Jesus describes Himself as “who was dead and came to life” (Rev. 2:8); the fulfillment is “I will give you the crown of life” (Rev. 2:10). Only Jesus who has overcome death can give the crown of life!
C. Pergamos: Jesus describes Himself as having the “sharp two-edged sword” (Rev. 2:12); the fulfillment is almost verbatim, Christ will “fight against them with the sword of My mouth (Rev. 2:16). Only Jesus has the authority to destroy a person who tries to battle against His perfect Word!
D. Thyatira: Jesus describes Himself as having “eyes like a flame of fire” (Rev. 2:18); the fulfillment is that He “searches the minds and hearts” (Rev. 2: 23). Only Jesus, with fiery “eyes”, can see into a man’s soul, to his inner-most thoughts!
E. Sardis: Jesus describes Himself as having “the seven Spirits of God and the seven stars”(Rev. 3:1); the fulfillment is that He “will confess His name before My Father” (Rev. 3:5). The “seven Spirits” is the Holy Spirit so Jesus links the Holy Spirit and the Father in perfect “tri-unity”, and He alone can bestow that perfect (no sin) communion on the believer!
F. Philadelphia: Jesus describes Himself as “the key of David” (Rev. 3:7); the fulfillment is that He will usher in “The New Jerusalem” (Rev. 3:12). Only Jesus, who is the Davidic-Messiah can bring in the capital city of heaven!
G. Laodicea: Jesus describes Himself as “the Faithful and True Witness” (Rev. 3:14); the fulfillment is that He has overcome so we should “overcome” (Rev. 3:21). Only Jesus can rightfully be both our Defense Attorney and “Witness” in the court of God!
Character of the Churches: "Two were very good: Smyrna and Philadelphia. Two were very bad: Sardis and Laodicea. Three were part good, and part bad: Ephesus, Pergamum, Thyatira. The two good churches, Smyrna and Philadelphia, were composed of the humbler classes of people, and were facing persecution. The two bad churches, Sardis and Laodicea, seem to have included the ruling classes, nominally Christian, but pagan in life. Ephesus was orthodox in teaching, but losing their first love. Pergamum was heretic, but faithful to the Name of Christ. Thyatira was heretic, tolerating Jezebel, but growing in zeal" (Source 4, p. 694).
Interestingly, “Smyrna and Philadelphia, the two cities with good churches, are still flourishing cities. Sardis and Laodicea, the two cities with bad churches, are now deserted and uninhabited sites” (Source 4, p. 708).
Angels: "The word "Angel," literally, means "Messenger." As used in the Bible, it applies, mostly, to Supernatural Personalities of the unseen world, employed as messengers in the service of God or Satan.” The "Angels" of the Churches... are thought, by some, to have been messengers sent by the churches to visit John in Patmos; or, the pastors of the Churches; or, the Guardian Angels of the Churches; or, Heavenly Representatives of the Churches" (Source 4, p. 693).
The Order of the List: Why is Ephesus first? See Rev. 1:11 (notes titled, “The Church Pattern” for more).
References:
Source 1: David Guzik,
http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_1.cfm?a=1168001
Source 2: John MacArthur, John MacArthur Study Bible, p. 1993.
Source 3: Renald E. Showers, “Two Millennia of Church History”, p. 9, 2008.
Source 4: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Notes on Revelation 2:1-7.
Revelation 2. Ephesus.
The church of Ephesus. This area had dozens, possibly hundreds of churches, each with its own pastors. Yet John refers to it as “the church”! (Source 1, p. 701). Christ’s church is not predicated on a building, or one group of people but all Christians, regardless of their location of fellowship.
“[Ephesus] was an inland city 3 miles from the sea, but the broad mouth of the Cayster River allowed access and provided the greatest harbor in Asia minor. Four great trade roads went through Ephesus; therefore, it became known as the gateway to Asia. It was the center of the worship of Artemis (Greek), or Diana (Roman), whose temple was one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World" (Source 2, pp. 1993-1994).
Although this was definitely to the literal church of John’s time, it also is prophetic of a future church age. This is specifically prophetic of the New Testament Church epoch which last from Pentecost (33 AD) – 100/200 AD. Ephesus was one of the “part good, and part bad” Churches. See “Prophetic” and “Character of the Churches” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more on these points.
2:1. The angel. I believe this a literal “angel”, charged with representing and bringing this message to the churches in Ephesus. See note titled, “Revelation 2-3. The Churches” under the section “Angels.”
He who holds. This is Jesus according to Rev. 1:16 (see note titled, “Right hand seven stars”) and Rev. 1:20.Seven stars…seven golden lampstands. We know the “stars” are the “Churches” and the “lampstands” are the “Churches” from Rev. 1:20, but this is also a description of who Jesus is. This is the first spot where the character of Jesus gives us a marker for a fulfillment to the specific church mentioned at the end of its section. See “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more.
2:2 Your works. There is a difference in types of “works”, I call them “striving works” and “proving works.” “Works” here in Greek is ergon (G#2041) and means “business” or “an act” (Source 3). In James 2:20 the author says, “faith without works is dead.” These are “proving works”, also known as “bearing fruit” in the Bible. These are the uncontrollable manifestations of faith. “Striving works” are trying to be good enough on one’s own strength.
I think the church of Ephesus was good in that it was doing “proving works.” I think this because the context of what Jesus is saying here is what they should be applauded for (listed with “labor”, “patience” and not bearing evil). So it is possible to do “proving works”, bearing fruit, but to have lost focus.
Patience. Another way to put this is “endurance”.
Cannot bear those who are evil. The Ephesians didn’t tolerate “evil” people but that wasn’t enough in and of itself. It is one thing to reject “evil” but completeness is found in replacing that “evil” with “love” the love that Jesus can only give. That is why He is our “first love.” Who He is, the Word made flesh, the gospel, that is what perfectly replaces “evil.”
2:3. For My name’s sake. So it is possible to minister in the name of Jesus but to have to forgotten Him. They had “left [their] first love” (2:4) and were like the people Jesus talks about in Matthew 7:21-23 who in Heaven tell Him that they did miracles in His name but He tells them “I never knew you.” We must be on guard of not letting our desire to serve Him turn into business that hardens the heart.
2:4. This against you. This begins the rebuke from Jesus.
That you have left your first love. Of course the Christian’s first love is Jesus! God is our Husband (Is. 54:5) and we are His bride (Rev. 19:7; 21:2).
2:5. Where you have fallen. Apparently the Church in Ephesus although “working”, “laboring” and having “patience” in the gospel they had left the foundation of Jesus. This is easy to do in small churches (as was the case of the many churches in Ephesus) and especially in mega-churches. Churches can get caught up in programs and ministry and evangelism and lose their “first love”. It ends up being more of a religion then a relationship. From the Prophetic perspective this is speaking of the first 2 century churches. Although they were working for the gospel it took persecutions to force them out of Israel and into “all the nations.”
2:6. Nicolaitans. A problem in Pergamos also (vv. 12-15), this heresy was similar to the teaching of Balaam (vv. 14,15). Nicolas means 'one who conquers the people.' Irenaeus writes that Nicholas, who was made a deacon in Acts 6, was a false believer who later became apostate; but because of his credentials he was able to lead the church astray. And, like Balaam, he led the people into immorality and wickedness. The Nicolaitans, followers of Nicolas, were involved in immorality and assaulted the church with sensual temptations" (Source 2, p. 1994).
2:7. This isn’t specifically to the church in Ephesus, but to all the churches (including Ephesus). Jesus does this again in 2:11, etc.
tree of life. MacArthur says, “true believers enjoy the promise of heaven [see Rev. 22:2; Gen. 2:9]” (Source 2, p. 1994).
Which is in the midst of the Paradise of God. The “tree of life” is in the “midst” or ‘middle’ of Heaven (“Paradise”). That makes sense: eternal life for believers is found in the perfect, balanced center of Heaven. This is the fulfillment of Jesus’ description of Himself from Rev. 2:1. See “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more.
References:
Source 1: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Source 2: John MacArthur, John MacArthur Study Bible.
Source 3: http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G2041&t=KJV
Revelation 2. Ephesus.
The church of Ephesus. This area had dozens, possibly hundreds of churches, each with its own pastors. Yet John refers to it as “the church”! (Source 1, p. 701). Christ’s church is not predicated on a building, or one group of people but all Christians, regardless of their location of fellowship.
“[Ephesus] was an inland city 3 miles from the sea, but the broad mouth of the Cayster River allowed access and provided the greatest harbor in Asia minor. Four great trade roads went through Ephesus; therefore, it became known as the gateway to Asia. It was the center of the worship of Artemis (Greek), or Diana (Roman), whose temple was one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World" (Source 2, pp. 1993-1994).
Although this was definitely to the literal church of John’s time, it also is prophetic of a future church age. This is specifically prophetic of the New Testament Church epoch which last from Pentecost (33 AD) – 100/200 AD. Ephesus was one of the “part good, and part bad” Churches. See “Prophetic” and “Character of the Churches” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more on these points.
2:1. The angel. I believe this a literal “angel”, charged with representing and bringing this message to the churches in Ephesus. See note titled, “Revelation 2-3. The Churches” under the section “Angels.”
He who holds. This is Jesus according to Rev. 1:16 (see note titled, “Right hand seven stars”) and Rev. 1:20.Seven stars…seven golden lampstands. We know the “stars” are the “Churches” and the “lampstands” are the “Churches” from Rev. 1:20, but this is also a description of who Jesus is. This is the first spot where the character of Jesus gives us a marker for a fulfillment to the specific church mentioned at the end of its section. See “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more.
2:2 Your works. There is a difference in types of “works”, I call them “striving works” and “proving works.” “Works” here in Greek is ergon (G#2041) and means “business” or “an act” (Source 3). In James 2:20 the author says, “faith without works is dead.” These are “proving works”, also known as “bearing fruit” in the Bible. These are the uncontrollable manifestations of faith. “Striving works” are trying to be good enough on one’s own strength.
I think the church of Ephesus was good in that it was doing “proving works.” I think this because the context of what Jesus is saying here is what they should be applauded for (listed with “labor”, “patience” and not bearing evil). So it is possible to do “proving works”, bearing fruit, but to have lost focus.
Patience. Another way to put this is “endurance”.
Cannot bear those who are evil. The Ephesians didn’t tolerate “evil” people but that wasn’t enough in and of itself. It is one thing to reject “evil” but completeness is found in replacing that “evil” with “love” the love that Jesus can only give. That is why He is our “first love.” Who He is, the Word made flesh, the gospel, that is what perfectly replaces “evil.”
2:3. For My name’s sake. So it is possible to minister in the name of Jesus but to have to forgotten Him. They had “left [their] first love” (2:4) and were like the people Jesus talks about in Matthew 7:21-23 who in Heaven tell Him that they did miracles in His name but He tells them “I never knew you.” We must be on guard of not letting our desire to serve Him turn into business that hardens the heart.
2:4. This against you. This begins the rebuke from Jesus.
That you have left your first love. Of course the Christian’s first love is Jesus! God is our Husband (Is. 54:5) and we are His bride (Rev. 19:7; 21:2).
2:5. Where you have fallen. Apparently the Church in Ephesus although “working”, “laboring” and having “patience” in the gospel they had left the foundation of Jesus. This is easy to do in small churches (as was the case of the many churches in Ephesus) and especially in mega-churches. Churches can get caught up in programs and ministry and evangelism and lose their “first love”. It ends up being more of a religion then a relationship. From the Prophetic perspective this is speaking of the first 2 century churches. Although they were working for the gospel it took persecutions to force them out of Israel and into “all the nations.”
2:6. Nicolaitans. A problem in Pergamos also (vv. 12-15), this heresy was similar to the teaching of Balaam (vv. 14,15). Nicolas means 'one who conquers the people.' Irenaeus writes that Nicholas, who was made a deacon in Acts 6, was a false believer who later became apostate; but because of his credentials he was able to lead the church astray. And, like Balaam, he led the people into immorality and wickedness. The Nicolaitans, followers of Nicolas, were involved in immorality and assaulted the church with sensual temptations" (Source 2, p. 1994).
2:7. This isn’t specifically to the church in Ephesus, but to all the churches (including Ephesus). Jesus does this again in 2:11, etc.
tree of life. MacArthur says, “true believers enjoy the promise of heaven [see Rev. 22:2; Gen. 2:9]” (Source 2, p. 1994).
Which is in the midst of the Paradise of God. The “tree of life” is in the “midst” or ‘middle’ of Heaven (“Paradise”). That makes sense: eternal life for believers is found in the perfect, balanced center of Heaven. This is the fulfillment of Jesus’ description of Himself from Rev. 2:1. See “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more.
References:
Source 1: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Source 2: John MacArthur, John MacArthur Study Bible.
Source 3: http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G2041&t=KJV
Notes on Revelation 2:8-11.
Revelation 2:8-11. Smyrna.
Smyrna was one of the “very good” Churches. Also representing the time from around 100-313 AD. See “Prophetic” and “Character of the Churches” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more on these points.
"Smyrna means 'myrrh,' the substance used for perfume and often for anointing a dead body for aromatic purposes. Called the crown of Asia, this ancient city (modern Izmir, Turkey) was the most beautiful in Asia Minor and a center of science and medicine. Always on the winner's side in the Roman wars, Smyrna's intense loyalty to Rome resulted in a strong emperor-worship cult" (Source 2, p. 1994).
2:8. Who was dead, and came to life. Why does Jesus reference Himself as one who “was dead” and “came to life”? Because He has power over the grave, He is in control! This is Jesus’ description of Himself that He will complete at the end of Smyrna (See “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more). This will need to be the source of strength for Smyrna as they will be persecuted, “suffer”, imprisoned, “tested”, go through “tribulation” (2:10) and must also be “faithful unto death” (2:10). Since this also represents the future epoch of time commonly called “The Persecuted Church” (from around 100-313 AD.) it would need to be the focus for coming generations also. See “Prophetic” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more.
2:9. Poverty (but you are rich). This is spiritual richness in righteousness. I am reminded of Romans 9:4 which talks about the riches given to Israel, Romans 9:23 (“riches of His glory”) and Romans 11:33 (“depth of the riches both of wisdom and knowledge of God!”). Guzik states, “The contrast between material poverty and spiritual riches of the Christians in Smyrna reminds us that there is nothing inherently spiritual in being rich. Although, there is also nothing inherently spiritual in poverty” (Source 3). I think of Mt. 5:3 where Jesus says, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.” This is being spiritually bankrupt before God. Then Jesus says, “Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick” (Mt. 9:12). I find it interesting that the Great Physician had healed these believers who lived in the center of medicine and science (see notes titled, “Revelation 2:8-11. Smyrna”.
Who say they are Jews. "Although they were Jews physically, they were not true Jews but spiritual pagans (cf. Rom. 2:28). Who allied with other pagans in putting Christians to death as they attempted to stamp out the Christian faith" (Source 2, p. 1994).
Synagogue of Satan. "With the rejection of its Messiah, Judaism becomes as much a tool of Satan as emperor worship" (Source 2, p. 1994).
2:10. Suffer. See note on Rev. 2:8, titled “Who was dead, and came to life” for more.
the devil. Guzik asks, "why couldn't these Christians in Smyrna just rebuke Satan, and stop the attack? Because God had a purpose in their suffering, and so He allowed it. God uses suffering to purify (1 Peter 1:6-7), to make us like Jesus (Romans 8:17), and to makes us truly witnesses of Him. In all ages, the blood of the martyrs has been seed for the church" (Source 3).
Prison. Prisons in early church times weren’t for rehab but where a person waited for their trial, usually for death sentence.
Tested. The KJV translates this “tried”, the word in the Greek is peirazo (G#3985) meaning “for the purpose of ascertaining his quality” (Source 4). I don’t think Jesus is just saying that the believers will be put on trial (since He just mentioned “prison”) but it goes beyond that. Obviously “the devil” is behind this testing and James 1:13 uses the same word (peirazo) when He says that God can’t be “tempted” and He doesn’t “tempt” us to sin. This is testing “in the sense of being proven. Through their suffering, God would display the true riches of the church in Smyrna to everyone, including themselves - even though He knew they were rich already” (Source 3). See note on Rev. 2:10 titled, “the devil” For more on this.
As I type this I am listening to Memphis May Fire’s new album (“Unconditional”) which has the lyrics “I hit the bottom of my lowest lows. My darkest hours are the times I grow, And every time I am broken I know that it's only so I can be restored” (song: “The Answer”).
Tribulation ten days. There are multiple theories on what this stands for. The two best are: 1. Persecution for a short time (not necessarily ten literal days but a common Greek way to say “short amount of time” (Source 2, p. 1994; Source 1, p. 703 & Source 3) 2. "As the days in this book are what is commonly called prophetic days, each answering to a year, the ten years of tribulation may denote ten years of persecution; and this was precisely the duration of the persecution under Diocletian, during which all the Asiatic Churches were grievously afflicted” (quote: Clarke via Source 3; Source 1, p. 703).
Other theories:
1. "Others think that John really means persecution over the reign of ten Roman Emperors. "The first under Nero, A.D. 54; the second under Domitian, A.D. 81; the third under Trajan, A.D. 98; the fourth under Adrian [Hadrian], A.D. 117; the fifth under Septimus Severus, A.D. 193; the sixth under Maximin, A.D. 235; the seventh under Decius, A.D. 249; the eighth under Valerian, A.D. 254; the ninth under Aurelian, A.D. 270; the tenth under Diocletian, A.D. 284" (White, cited in Walvoord, via Source 3).
2. Still others have taken stranger approaches: "Others observe, that in ten days are two hundred and forty hours, which make up the number of years from 85, when the second persecution began, (under which John at this time was) to 325, when all the persecutions ceased" (Poole, via Source 3).
3. Others say that ten days is simply an expression of speech: "The expression ten days is not to be taken literally; it is the normal Greek expression for a short time" (Barclay, via Source 3).
Be faithful until death. Jesus was faithful to His mission and to us through death and resurrection, He asks that we remain “faithful” to Him until we die, after that the desire of our heart will be fulfilled – eternal fellowship with Him! We are to be “faithful” as a spouse is faithful, because we are His bride and He is our Husband (See note on Rev. 2:4 titled “That you have left your first love”).
I will give you the crown of life. This is one of six crowns mentioned in the Bible for believers. The “crown of life” is also known as “The Martyr's Crown”, also found in James 1:12. This is for those who endure temptation and those who love Him. Interestingly not so much for the way you died for him but the way you lived for Him. Notice who gives the crown…it is Jesus! Since He alone “was dead” and “came to life” therefore He alone has the right to give His brethren this crown (Mark 8:34-35, Romans 8:29 1 Peter 4:19, etc.). This is Jesus’ fulfillment of His description of Himself from the beginning of Smyrna’s section (see “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more).
2:11. Second death. This is the White Throne Judgment (Christians are not being judged).
References:
Source 1: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Source 2: John MacArthur, John MacArthur Study Bible.
Source 3: David Guzik, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_2.cfm?a=1169001.
Source 4: http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3985&t=KJV
Revelation 2:8-11. Smyrna.
Smyrna was one of the “very good” Churches. Also representing the time from around 100-313 AD. See “Prophetic” and “Character of the Churches” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more on these points.
"Smyrna means 'myrrh,' the substance used for perfume and often for anointing a dead body for aromatic purposes. Called the crown of Asia, this ancient city (modern Izmir, Turkey) was the most beautiful in Asia Minor and a center of science and medicine. Always on the winner's side in the Roman wars, Smyrna's intense loyalty to Rome resulted in a strong emperor-worship cult" (Source 2, p. 1994).
2:8. Who was dead, and came to life. Why does Jesus reference Himself as one who “was dead” and “came to life”? Because He has power over the grave, He is in control! This is Jesus’ description of Himself that He will complete at the end of Smyrna (See “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more). This will need to be the source of strength for Smyrna as they will be persecuted, “suffer”, imprisoned, “tested”, go through “tribulation” (2:10) and must also be “faithful unto death” (2:10). Since this also represents the future epoch of time commonly called “The Persecuted Church” (from around 100-313 AD.) it would need to be the focus for coming generations also. See “Prophetic” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more.
2:9. Poverty (but you are rich). This is spiritual richness in righteousness. I am reminded of Romans 9:4 which talks about the riches given to Israel, Romans 9:23 (“riches of His glory”) and Romans 11:33 (“depth of the riches both of wisdom and knowledge of God!”). Guzik states, “The contrast between material poverty and spiritual riches of the Christians in Smyrna reminds us that there is nothing inherently spiritual in being rich. Although, there is also nothing inherently spiritual in poverty” (Source 3). I think of Mt. 5:3 where Jesus says, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.” This is being spiritually bankrupt before God. Then Jesus says, “Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick” (Mt. 9:12). I find it interesting that the Great Physician had healed these believers who lived in the center of medicine and science (see notes titled, “Revelation 2:8-11. Smyrna”.
Who say they are Jews. "Although they were Jews physically, they were not true Jews but spiritual pagans (cf. Rom. 2:28). Who allied with other pagans in putting Christians to death as they attempted to stamp out the Christian faith" (Source 2, p. 1994).
Synagogue of Satan. "With the rejection of its Messiah, Judaism becomes as much a tool of Satan as emperor worship" (Source 2, p. 1994).
2:10. Suffer. See note on Rev. 2:8, titled “Who was dead, and came to life” for more.
the devil. Guzik asks, "why couldn't these Christians in Smyrna just rebuke Satan, and stop the attack? Because God had a purpose in their suffering, and so He allowed it. God uses suffering to purify (1 Peter 1:6-7), to make us like Jesus (Romans 8:17), and to makes us truly witnesses of Him. In all ages, the blood of the martyrs has been seed for the church" (Source 3).
Prison. Prisons in early church times weren’t for rehab but where a person waited for their trial, usually for death sentence.
Tested. The KJV translates this “tried”, the word in the Greek is peirazo (G#3985) meaning “for the purpose of ascertaining his quality” (Source 4). I don’t think Jesus is just saying that the believers will be put on trial (since He just mentioned “prison”) but it goes beyond that. Obviously “the devil” is behind this testing and James 1:13 uses the same word (peirazo) when He says that God can’t be “tempted” and He doesn’t “tempt” us to sin. This is testing “in the sense of being proven. Through their suffering, God would display the true riches of the church in Smyrna to everyone, including themselves - even though He knew they were rich already” (Source 3). See note on Rev. 2:10 titled, “the devil” For more on this.
As I type this I am listening to Memphis May Fire’s new album (“Unconditional”) which has the lyrics “I hit the bottom of my lowest lows. My darkest hours are the times I grow, And every time I am broken I know that it's only so I can be restored” (song: “The Answer”).
Tribulation ten days. There are multiple theories on what this stands for. The two best are: 1. Persecution for a short time (not necessarily ten literal days but a common Greek way to say “short amount of time” (Source 2, p. 1994; Source 1, p. 703 & Source 3) 2. "As the days in this book are what is commonly called prophetic days, each answering to a year, the ten years of tribulation may denote ten years of persecution; and this was precisely the duration of the persecution under Diocletian, during which all the Asiatic Churches were grievously afflicted” (quote: Clarke via Source 3; Source 1, p. 703).
Other theories:
1. "Others think that John really means persecution over the reign of ten Roman Emperors. "The first under Nero, A.D. 54; the second under Domitian, A.D. 81; the third under Trajan, A.D. 98; the fourth under Adrian [Hadrian], A.D. 117; the fifth under Septimus Severus, A.D. 193; the sixth under Maximin, A.D. 235; the seventh under Decius, A.D. 249; the eighth under Valerian, A.D. 254; the ninth under Aurelian, A.D. 270; the tenth under Diocletian, A.D. 284" (White, cited in Walvoord, via Source 3).
2. Still others have taken stranger approaches: "Others observe, that in ten days are two hundred and forty hours, which make up the number of years from 85, when the second persecution began, (under which John at this time was) to 325, when all the persecutions ceased" (Poole, via Source 3).
3. Others say that ten days is simply an expression of speech: "The expression ten days is not to be taken literally; it is the normal Greek expression for a short time" (Barclay, via Source 3).
Be faithful until death. Jesus was faithful to His mission and to us through death and resurrection, He asks that we remain “faithful” to Him until we die, after that the desire of our heart will be fulfilled – eternal fellowship with Him! We are to be “faithful” as a spouse is faithful, because we are His bride and He is our Husband (See note on Rev. 2:4 titled “That you have left your first love”).
I will give you the crown of life. This is one of six crowns mentioned in the Bible for believers. The “crown of life” is also known as “The Martyr's Crown”, also found in James 1:12. This is for those who endure temptation and those who love Him. Interestingly not so much for the way you died for him but the way you lived for Him. Notice who gives the crown…it is Jesus! Since He alone “was dead” and “came to life” therefore He alone has the right to give His brethren this crown (Mark 8:34-35, Romans 8:29 1 Peter 4:19, etc.). This is Jesus’ fulfillment of His description of Himself from the beginning of Smyrna’s section (see “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more).
2:11. Second death. This is the White Throne Judgment (Christians are not being judged).
References:
Source 1: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Source 2: John MacArthur, John MacArthur Study Bible.
Source 3: David Guzik, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_2.cfm?a=1169001.
Source 4: http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3985&t=KJV
Notes on Revelation 2:12-17.
Revelation 2. Pergamos. The Church of Pergamos, Pergamum, was one of the “part good, and part bad” Churches. It also represents the time period 313-590 AD which is known as the “State Church” epoch. See “Prophetic” and “Character of the Churches” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more on these points.
Pergamos had been the capital until 133 BC and was the first place the full-scale worship of Caesar came about. Erecting idols and temples to various Caesars and pagan gods gave Pergamos a unique freedom among Asia Minor. It is also the place parchment was invented, in order to escape Egypt’s ban on exporting papyrus (Source 1, p. 696). Parchment is “the skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on.” The etymology of the word is “Middle English parchemin, from Anglo-French, modification of Latin pergamena, from Greek pergamēnē, from feminine of Pergamēnos of Pergamum, from Pergamon Pergamum” (Source 2). It must have been very difficult to be a Christian in a city that was obsessed and had its identity in pagan worship (Source 1, p. 696).
2:12. Sharp two-edged sword. This is Jesus’ Holy Word. Jesus uses this as the description of who He is in this section, He will complete it at the end of Pergamos (see “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more). He first used it in Rev. 1:16 (see note there titled, “Out of His mouth went a sharp two-edged sword”) and uses it again in this section to Pergamos in 2:16 (see note there titled, “Fight against them with the sword of my mouth”). Jesus mentions it here because of the importance of living on His perfect Word of Truth. Those in Pergamos, and every Christian through out time, must keep this in mind as we live our lives.
2:13. You dwell, where Satan’s throne is. Satan had made his home in Pergamos. Jesus says it again at the end of this verse (“Where Satan dwells”). This was due to all the false gods and Caesar (Emperor) worship. Also that Satan had already started persecuting Christians (“Antipas”, in this verse) and that it was home to “Balaamite and Nicolaitan Teachers” (Source 1, p. 704).
Where Satan dwells. The city of Pergamos had Satan living there, as mentioned earlier in this verse (“You dwell, where Satan’s throne is”), see notes above.
2:14. A few things against you. This begins the rebuke from Jesus.
Doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balak. Balak was the king of the Midianites and he wanted to get rid of the Israelites. So he hired Balaam to curse them (see Numbers 22). Also see Judges 11:25 and Micah 6:5. It was Balak who asked Balaam how to curse the Israelites, but God only allowed Balaam to bless the Israelites. “In Numbers 25, it is related how the Israelites played the harlot with Midianite women, and in Numbers 31:16, it is said that they did this on the advice of Balaam. So, in Pergamum [Pergamos], devotees of heathen practices, who had infiltrated the ranks of Christians, and were advising them to participate in the sexual vices of heathen worship, were nicknamed Balaam” (Source 1, p. 704).
To eat things sacrificed to idols. Paul says eating meat sacrificed to pagan idols is OK in Romans 14, so why does Jesus (through John) say it’s a bad thing? Is this a contradiction? Of course not. First, for the Israelites tempted by Balak it was sin to eat the sacrifices and Second, what does Paul say in Romans 14 about the Christian’s liberty? He says that nothing is unclean in and of itself (Romans 14:14) but for the person who eats or drinks and feels guilty about it (because the Holy Spirit convicts him through his conscience) is committing sin (Romans 14:14; Romans 14:20). So the implication is that these Christians in Pergamos were convicted not to eat the meat sacrificed to idols and went ahead and did it anyway.
2:15. Nicolaitans. See note on Ephesus under Rev. 2:6 titled, “Nicolaitans” for more. Ephesus stood against the Nicolaitans, but Pergamos not only allowed it but lived their lives by the Nicolaitans’ false teachings. It is no surprise that Pergamos was a hub for Nicolaitans since “politics and paganism were so closely allied” (Source 1, p. 696).
2:16. Fight against them with the sword of my mouth. This is the double-edged sword from Rev. 1:16, which is His Word (See note there titled, “Out of His mouth went a sharp two-edged sword”). Can you imagine trying to fight against Jesus’ Word, which is pure and absolute Truth? Standing on lies from Satan is a foundation of sand which will easily be destroyed if you try to battle against Jesus’ perfect Word. This is Jesus’ fulfillment for the description of Himself that He used at the beginning of Pergamos (see “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more).
Revelation 2:17. This isn’t just to Pergamos but to all of the Churches, throughout time.
2:17. Hidden manna. David Guzik says, “This is God's perfect provision, the true bread from heaven” then references John 6:41 (“He said, ‘I am the bread which came down from heaven”) (Source 3). Halley’s says that the “hidden manna may be the Fruit of the Tree of Life (22:2)” (Source 1, p. 704).
White stone. “White” is symbolic of purity. This rock could literally be white; on a special section on “white” Halley’s says it could be “more than a figure of speech. It may suggest the nature of our Glorified Bodies. God dwells in Light unapproachable (1 Timothy 6:16). Jesus’ garments, in Transfiguration, were White (Mark 9:3)” (Source 1, p. 706).
Regarding “stone”, this could be a literal stone. Guzik says, “A white stone could be a ticket to a banquet, a sign of friendship, evidence of having been counted, or as a sign of acquittal in a court of law.” He goes on to quote Clarke, which I suggest you read (Source 3).
New name. This might “stand for a form of existence that will be satisfying beyond anything we have ever known or dreamed of in this life” (Source 1, p. 704). Guzik says that the popular theory is that this is like a “pet name” that God has for believers. He says another possibility is that it guarantees our admittance into heaven, the rock is there waiting for us, like placeholders on a banquet table (Source 3).
No one knows except him who receives it. This special name will be between us and God. I think it will be the name we were always meant to be called by. It will perfectly describe us and will be so precious since it is between us and our Maker.
References:
Source 1: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Source 2: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parchment
Source 3: David Guzik, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_2.cfm?a=1169001.
Revelation 2. Pergamos. The Church of Pergamos, Pergamum, was one of the “part good, and part bad” Churches. It also represents the time period 313-590 AD which is known as the “State Church” epoch. See “Prophetic” and “Character of the Churches” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more on these points.
Pergamos had been the capital until 133 BC and was the first place the full-scale worship of Caesar came about. Erecting idols and temples to various Caesars and pagan gods gave Pergamos a unique freedom among Asia Minor. It is also the place parchment was invented, in order to escape Egypt’s ban on exporting papyrus (Source 1, p. 696). Parchment is “the skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on.” The etymology of the word is “Middle English parchemin, from Anglo-French, modification of Latin pergamena, from Greek pergamēnē, from feminine of Pergamēnos of Pergamum, from Pergamon Pergamum” (Source 2). It must have been very difficult to be a Christian in a city that was obsessed and had its identity in pagan worship (Source 1, p. 696).
2:12. Sharp two-edged sword. This is Jesus’ Holy Word. Jesus uses this as the description of who He is in this section, He will complete it at the end of Pergamos (see “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more). He first used it in Rev. 1:16 (see note there titled, “Out of His mouth went a sharp two-edged sword”) and uses it again in this section to Pergamos in 2:16 (see note there titled, “Fight against them with the sword of my mouth”). Jesus mentions it here because of the importance of living on His perfect Word of Truth. Those in Pergamos, and every Christian through out time, must keep this in mind as we live our lives.
2:13. You dwell, where Satan’s throne is. Satan had made his home in Pergamos. Jesus says it again at the end of this verse (“Where Satan dwells”). This was due to all the false gods and Caesar (Emperor) worship. Also that Satan had already started persecuting Christians (“Antipas”, in this verse) and that it was home to “Balaamite and Nicolaitan Teachers” (Source 1, p. 704).
Where Satan dwells. The city of Pergamos had Satan living there, as mentioned earlier in this verse (“You dwell, where Satan’s throne is”), see notes above.
2:14. A few things against you. This begins the rebuke from Jesus.
Doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balak. Balak was the king of the Midianites and he wanted to get rid of the Israelites. So he hired Balaam to curse them (see Numbers 22). Also see Judges 11:25 and Micah 6:5. It was Balak who asked Balaam how to curse the Israelites, but God only allowed Balaam to bless the Israelites. “In Numbers 25, it is related how the Israelites played the harlot with Midianite women, and in Numbers 31:16, it is said that they did this on the advice of Balaam. So, in Pergamum [Pergamos], devotees of heathen practices, who had infiltrated the ranks of Christians, and were advising them to participate in the sexual vices of heathen worship, were nicknamed Balaam” (Source 1, p. 704).
To eat things sacrificed to idols. Paul says eating meat sacrificed to pagan idols is OK in Romans 14, so why does Jesus (through John) say it’s a bad thing? Is this a contradiction? Of course not. First, for the Israelites tempted by Balak it was sin to eat the sacrifices and Second, what does Paul say in Romans 14 about the Christian’s liberty? He says that nothing is unclean in and of itself (Romans 14:14) but for the person who eats or drinks and feels guilty about it (because the Holy Spirit convicts him through his conscience) is committing sin (Romans 14:14; Romans 14:20). So the implication is that these Christians in Pergamos were convicted not to eat the meat sacrificed to idols and went ahead and did it anyway.
2:15. Nicolaitans. See note on Ephesus under Rev. 2:6 titled, “Nicolaitans” for more. Ephesus stood against the Nicolaitans, but Pergamos not only allowed it but lived their lives by the Nicolaitans’ false teachings. It is no surprise that Pergamos was a hub for Nicolaitans since “politics and paganism were so closely allied” (Source 1, p. 696).
2:16. Fight against them with the sword of my mouth. This is the double-edged sword from Rev. 1:16, which is His Word (See note there titled, “Out of His mouth went a sharp two-edged sword”). Can you imagine trying to fight against Jesus’ Word, which is pure and absolute Truth? Standing on lies from Satan is a foundation of sand which will easily be destroyed if you try to battle against Jesus’ perfect Word. This is Jesus’ fulfillment for the description of Himself that He used at the beginning of Pergamos (see “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more).
Revelation 2:17. This isn’t just to Pergamos but to all of the Churches, throughout time.
2:17. Hidden manna. David Guzik says, “This is God's perfect provision, the true bread from heaven” then references John 6:41 (“He said, ‘I am the bread which came down from heaven”) (Source 3). Halley’s says that the “hidden manna may be the Fruit of the Tree of Life (22:2)” (Source 1, p. 704).
White stone. “White” is symbolic of purity. This rock could literally be white; on a special section on “white” Halley’s says it could be “more than a figure of speech. It may suggest the nature of our Glorified Bodies. God dwells in Light unapproachable (1 Timothy 6:16). Jesus’ garments, in Transfiguration, were White (Mark 9:3)” (Source 1, p. 706).
Regarding “stone”, this could be a literal stone. Guzik says, “A white stone could be a ticket to a banquet, a sign of friendship, evidence of having been counted, or as a sign of acquittal in a court of law.” He goes on to quote Clarke, which I suggest you read (Source 3).
New name. This might “stand for a form of existence that will be satisfying beyond anything we have ever known or dreamed of in this life” (Source 1, p. 704). Guzik says that the popular theory is that this is like a “pet name” that God has for believers. He says another possibility is that it guarantees our admittance into heaven, the rock is there waiting for us, like placeholders on a banquet table (Source 3).
No one knows except him who receives it. This special name will be between us and God. I think it will be the name we were always meant to be called by. It will perfectly describe us and will be so precious since it is between us and our Maker.
References:
Source 1: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Source 2: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parchment
Source 3: David Guzik, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_2.cfm?a=1169001.
Notes on Revelation 2:18-29.
Revelation 2. Thyatira. The Church of Thyatira was one of the “part good, and part bad” Churches. Interestingly Thyatira was worse than Pergamum because although both tolerated false teachers, they allowed Jezebel to be in their midst (Source 1, p. 705). It also represents the time period from around 590 – 800 AD. See “Prophetic” and “Character of the Churches” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more on these points.
Many scholars relegate Thyatira to just an unimportant city. It is "scarcely mentioned by ancient writers" and was between "two river valleys" serving as "a garrison town" (Source 1, p. 698). It was "originally populated by soldiers of Alexander the great, it was little more than a military outpost to guard Pergamos" (Source 2, p. 1995). It had "more trade-guilds than...any other Asian city." Necessity for guild membership in a trading community must have strengthened temptation to compromise. Thyatira played no significant part in the later history of the Church" (Source 1, p. 698).
2:18. Eyes like a flame of fire. This was Jesus’ description of Himself in Rev. 1: 14 (see note titled, “Eyes like a flame of fire”, regarding His gaze. Notice that this corresponds with Revelation 2:23 when He “searches the minds and hearts.” Only God with fiery “eyes” can see into a man’s soul, to his inner-most thoughts. (See “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more).
Feet like fine Brass. This represents judgment. Just as Jesus’ “eyes” above tied to His description of Himself from chapter one, His brass “feet” are mentioned in Rev. 1:15 (see note, “feet like fine brass”) and is indicative of His righteous judgment.
2:19. Works, love, service, faith, and your patience. See note on Rev. 2:2 under “Your works” for more on this. These were good things that they were doing, and we should be too, bearing fruit. Last are more than the first. Guzik says this is a compliment from Jesus. Jesus was saying the church doesn’t just have these works but they have them in increasing measure – they are growing in love, service, faith and patience” (Source 3). Henry agrees and says that we should all desire that our last works are our best (Source 4, p. 770).
2:20. allow. Matthew Henry asks why the church at Thyatira should be blamed (“a few things against you”) for something this woman, referred to as Jezebel, did? He says although they didn’t have the power to banish or imprison her they had “ministerial power to censure and to excommunicate her: and it is probable that neglecting to use the power they had made them sharers in her sin” (BLB app). Jezebel. Not this woman’s real name but a moniker referencing the “a persecutor of the prophets of the Lord, and a great patroness of idolaters and false prophets” from the Old Testament. Halley’s says, “She was called ‘Jezebel’ because, like Jezebel the devilish wife of Ahab who had introduced the abominations of Astarte worship into Israel (1 Kings 16), she was introducing the same vile practices into the Christian Church” (Source 1, p. 705).
Commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols. One hypothesis on how this affected Thyatira is: “Because of the strong trade guilds in Thyatira, the sexual immorality and the eating of things sacrificed to idols was probably connected with the mandatory social occasions of the guilds. Perhaps a Christian was invited to the monthly meeting of the goldsmith's guild, and the meeting was held at the temple of Apollo. "Jezebel" would allow or encourage the man to go - perhaps even using a "prophetic" word - and when the man went, he would fall into immorality and idolatry" (Source 3). This is similar to Rev. 2:14 (see note, “To eat things sacrificed to idols”).
2:21. time. In this verse God shows his mercy by giving her a period to repent, not instantaneous judgment. It is also important to note that time is the only thing to prove if true repentance has taken place.
To repent. Jesus gave this woman nicknamed “Jezebel” many chances to acknowledge that what she was practicing was sin, that it was therefore wrong, to regret what was done and to stop doing it. In the larger sense (as this applies to the Historical Church, i.e. 590-800 AD) these are the same things that Jesus expected the corrupt Church to do. He gives time and is longsuffering but does expect that his mercy will be met with repentance. If this is not the case He has no choice but to judge and condemn. See notes titled “Revelation 2-3”, specifically the section titled “Prophetic”, for more on this.
2:22. bed of suffering. (also called sickbed). In an interesting contrast of “sexual immorality” (vv. 20, 21) this Jezebel will be cast into “a bed of pain, not of pleasure, into a bed of flames” (Source 4, p. 770). This is the judgment that Jesus promises (“brass” in Rev. 2:18; here; Rev. 2:23).
2:23. searches the minds and hearts. This is the completion of Jesus’ description at the beginning of Thyatira’s section (see note on Rev. 2:18., titled, “Eyes like a flame of fire”) for more). Also see “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more. Jesus’ point is that it doesn’t matter what is done behind clothed doors He sees it. What stands out to me is that if Thyatira was practicing this but the other churches in Asia Minor weren’t aware of it, Jesus let the proverbial ‘cat of out of the bag.’ Now the other Churches in the region could follow up and hold Thyatira responsible. Either way it is Jesus who sees all and as such He is the only One qualified to perfectly Judge and proclaim sentence.
Works. This is death, from the White Throne Judgment. See Rev. 2:11 notes titled, “Second death”.
Kill her children with death. These aren’t literal progeny from this evil woman but followers who practice what she teaches. If Jesus was just going to kill any literal kids she may have had He would have used “kill” or “death” but not both words. So He is speaking of a spiritual death. He has just promised Jezebel that she must go through the Great Tribulation (Rev. 2:22, “bed of suffering”) and now He confirms it will end in eternal separation from Him.
2:24. The depths of Satan. These were the abominations and teachings from Jezebel (mentioned under “Jezebel” in Rev. 2:20). What Thyatira called “mysteries”, because of the Gnostic religious views etc. that they had allowed in, were actually “depths of Satan”. Imagine a deep well next to a stream, the thirsty person who gets distracted looking into the well will fall in and be drowned but for the simple man who kneels and drinks what he needs will be given an ocean of eternal water (See Isaiah 55:1; Is. 58:11 and yes, John 4:14 which sort of messes up my “well” analogy!)
Put on you no other burden. Jesus doesn’t place unbearable bondage and weight on our shoulders, He removes all of that! See Matthew 11:30. Henry says if we hold fast to the faith “and a good conscience till he come, all the difficulty and danger will be over” (Source 4, p. 770).
2:26. I will give power over the nations. I believe this is a reference to Rev. 20:4-6 for more. where Christians are told they will be judges and rulers over God’s kingdom. Also in 1 Corinthians 6:3 that we will judge angels.
2:27. With a rod of iron. Some people think this is Jesus but it’s not. It starts with “He” so that is Jesus and he uses the “iron” to rule. The “iron rod” are His representatives, we believers, which makes sense in conjunction with 2:26 (see note titled, “I will give power over the nations”). See Rev. 20:4-6 for more.
2:28. The morning star. John tells us in Rev. 22:16 that this is Jesus. "Promised to those who 'overcome'. Jesus Himself is the Morning Star... One of the earliest prophecies of the Messiah calls Him a 'Star' (Numbers 24:17). By Faithfulness, not Compromise, will the Church attain True Leadership" (Source 1, p. 705).
2:29. As with each Church, Jesus speaks directly to them but then councils the other 6 Churches, the Historic Church and we believers throughout time, to heed these words.
References:
Source 1: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Source 2: John MacArthur, John MacArthur Study Bible.
Source 3: David Guzik, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_2.cfm?a=1169001
Source 4: Matthew Henry, Matthew Henry Commentary, NT.
Revelation 2. Thyatira. The Church of Thyatira was one of the “part good, and part bad” Churches. Interestingly Thyatira was worse than Pergamum because although both tolerated false teachers, they allowed Jezebel to be in their midst (Source 1, p. 705). It also represents the time period from around 590 – 800 AD. See “Prophetic” and “Character of the Churches” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more on these points.
Many scholars relegate Thyatira to just an unimportant city. It is "scarcely mentioned by ancient writers" and was between "two river valleys" serving as "a garrison town" (Source 1, p. 698). It was "originally populated by soldiers of Alexander the great, it was little more than a military outpost to guard Pergamos" (Source 2, p. 1995). It had "more trade-guilds than...any other Asian city." Necessity for guild membership in a trading community must have strengthened temptation to compromise. Thyatira played no significant part in the later history of the Church" (Source 1, p. 698).
2:18. Eyes like a flame of fire. This was Jesus’ description of Himself in Rev. 1: 14 (see note titled, “Eyes like a flame of fire”, regarding His gaze. Notice that this corresponds with Revelation 2:23 when He “searches the minds and hearts.” Only God with fiery “eyes” can see into a man’s soul, to his inner-most thoughts. (See “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more).
Feet like fine Brass. This represents judgment. Just as Jesus’ “eyes” above tied to His description of Himself from chapter one, His brass “feet” are mentioned in Rev. 1:15 (see note, “feet like fine brass”) and is indicative of His righteous judgment.
2:19. Works, love, service, faith, and your patience. See note on Rev. 2:2 under “Your works” for more on this. These were good things that they were doing, and we should be too, bearing fruit. Last are more than the first. Guzik says this is a compliment from Jesus. Jesus was saying the church doesn’t just have these works but they have them in increasing measure – they are growing in love, service, faith and patience” (Source 3). Henry agrees and says that we should all desire that our last works are our best (Source 4, p. 770).
2:20. allow. Matthew Henry asks why the church at Thyatira should be blamed (“a few things against you”) for something this woman, referred to as Jezebel, did? He says although they didn’t have the power to banish or imprison her they had “ministerial power to censure and to excommunicate her: and it is probable that neglecting to use the power they had made them sharers in her sin” (BLB app). Jezebel. Not this woman’s real name but a moniker referencing the “a persecutor of the prophets of the Lord, and a great patroness of idolaters and false prophets” from the Old Testament. Halley’s says, “She was called ‘Jezebel’ because, like Jezebel the devilish wife of Ahab who had introduced the abominations of Astarte worship into Israel (1 Kings 16), she was introducing the same vile practices into the Christian Church” (Source 1, p. 705).
Commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols. One hypothesis on how this affected Thyatira is: “Because of the strong trade guilds in Thyatira, the sexual immorality and the eating of things sacrificed to idols was probably connected with the mandatory social occasions of the guilds. Perhaps a Christian was invited to the monthly meeting of the goldsmith's guild, and the meeting was held at the temple of Apollo. "Jezebel" would allow or encourage the man to go - perhaps even using a "prophetic" word - and when the man went, he would fall into immorality and idolatry" (Source 3). This is similar to Rev. 2:14 (see note, “To eat things sacrificed to idols”).
2:21. time. In this verse God shows his mercy by giving her a period to repent, not instantaneous judgment. It is also important to note that time is the only thing to prove if true repentance has taken place.
To repent. Jesus gave this woman nicknamed “Jezebel” many chances to acknowledge that what she was practicing was sin, that it was therefore wrong, to regret what was done and to stop doing it. In the larger sense (as this applies to the Historical Church, i.e. 590-800 AD) these are the same things that Jesus expected the corrupt Church to do. He gives time and is longsuffering but does expect that his mercy will be met with repentance. If this is not the case He has no choice but to judge and condemn. See notes titled “Revelation 2-3”, specifically the section titled “Prophetic”, for more on this.
2:22. bed of suffering. (also called sickbed). In an interesting contrast of “sexual immorality” (vv. 20, 21) this Jezebel will be cast into “a bed of pain, not of pleasure, into a bed of flames” (Source 4, p. 770). This is the judgment that Jesus promises (“brass” in Rev. 2:18; here; Rev. 2:23).
2:23. searches the minds and hearts. This is the completion of Jesus’ description at the beginning of Thyatira’s section (see note on Rev. 2:18., titled, “Eyes like a flame of fire”) for more). Also see “Jesus’ Character Description Affects Each Church” under the notes titled “Revelation 2-3” for more. Jesus’ point is that it doesn’t matter what is done behind clothed doors He sees it. What stands out to me is that if Thyatira was practicing this but the other churches in Asia Minor weren’t aware of it, Jesus let the proverbial ‘cat of out of the bag.’ Now the other Churches in the region could follow up and hold Thyatira responsible. Either way it is Jesus who sees all and as such He is the only One qualified to perfectly Judge and proclaim sentence.
Works. This is death, from the White Throne Judgment. See Rev. 2:11 notes titled, “Second death”.
Kill her children with death. These aren’t literal progeny from this evil woman but followers who practice what she teaches. If Jesus was just going to kill any literal kids she may have had He would have used “kill” or “death” but not both words. So He is speaking of a spiritual death. He has just promised Jezebel that she must go through the Great Tribulation (Rev. 2:22, “bed of suffering”) and now He confirms it will end in eternal separation from Him.
2:24. The depths of Satan. These were the abominations and teachings from Jezebel (mentioned under “Jezebel” in Rev. 2:20). What Thyatira called “mysteries”, because of the Gnostic religious views etc. that they had allowed in, were actually “depths of Satan”. Imagine a deep well next to a stream, the thirsty person who gets distracted looking into the well will fall in and be drowned but for the simple man who kneels and drinks what he needs will be given an ocean of eternal water (See Isaiah 55:1; Is. 58:11 and yes, John 4:14 which sort of messes up my “well” analogy!)
Put on you no other burden. Jesus doesn’t place unbearable bondage and weight on our shoulders, He removes all of that! See Matthew 11:30. Henry says if we hold fast to the faith “and a good conscience till he come, all the difficulty and danger will be over” (Source 4, p. 770).
2:26. I will give power over the nations. I believe this is a reference to Rev. 20:4-6 for more. where Christians are told they will be judges and rulers over God’s kingdom. Also in 1 Corinthians 6:3 that we will judge angels.
2:27. With a rod of iron. Some people think this is Jesus but it’s not. It starts with “He” so that is Jesus and he uses the “iron” to rule. The “iron rod” are His representatives, we believers, which makes sense in conjunction with 2:26 (see note titled, “I will give power over the nations”). See Rev. 20:4-6 for more.
2:28. The morning star. John tells us in Rev. 22:16 that this is Jesus. "Promised to those who 'overcome'. Jesus Himself is the Morning Star... One of the earliest prophecies of the Messiah calls Him a 'Star' (Numbers 24:17). By Faithfulness, not Compromise, will the Church attain True Leadership" (Source 1, p. 705).
2:29. As with each Church, Jesus speaks directly to them but then councils the other 6 Churches, the Historic Church and we believers throughout time, to heed these words.
References:
Source 1: Halley's Bible Handbook, 1998.
Source 2: John MacArthur, John MacArthur Study Bible.
Source 3: David Guzik, http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/guzik_david/StudyGuide_Rev/Rev_2.cfm?a=1169001
Source 4: Matthew Henry, Matthew Henry Commentary, NT.